Turquoise is one of the most captivating gemstones in the world of jewelry and gemology, renowned for its vibrant blue-green hues and storied past. As the December birthstone, turquoise holds a unique place in the annals of gem history and cultural traditions. It is a gemstone with deep roots in ancient civilizations, and it has continued to evolve in its significance and use over millennia. This article explores the gemological properties, historical context, cultural significance, and practical considerations of turquoise, the December birthstone.
Introduction
Turquoise is a semi-precious gemstone that has been cherished for thousands of years. It is most often associated with the month of December, though in some traditions, it also shares this distinction with Tanzanite, Zircon, and Blue Topaz. This unique feature of having multiple birthstones highlights the richness of December's gemological heritage. Turquoise is known for its distinctive blue or green color, often with a matrix pattern that adds to its aesthetic appeal. Its historical use spans multiple cultures and eras, from the ancient Egyptians to Native American tribes.
In this article, we delve into the origins of turquoise as a December birthstone, its physical and chemical properties, and the cultural and symbolic meanings it has held across different societies. Additionally, we will discuss practical considerations for caring for turquoise jewelry, ensuring its longevity and beauty.
History and Lore
Turquoise has a long and fascinating history that dates back thousands of years. It was one of the first gemstones ever mined, with evidence of its use in ancient Egypt as early as 8,000 years ago. The gem was highly valued by the Egyptians, who used it in jewelry and ornamental objects. Pharaohs and other rulers adorned themselves with turquoise, believing it to bring health, good fortune, and protection.
In Native American cultures, turquoise held a similarly revered status. The Apache believed that following a rainbow to its end would lead to the discovery of turquoise. They also believed that attaching the gem to a bow or firearm would improve one's aim. The Pueblo people thought turquoise derived its color from the sky, while the Hopi believed the gem was created by lizards scurrying over the earth.
In Europe, turquoise was incorporated into the birthstone tradition by Polish and Russian cultures. These cultures included turquoise in their birthstone calendars as the gem for the last month of the year. However, this tradition was lost in Europe from the 15th to the 20th century. It was revived in the United States in 1912 when the American National Jewelers Association (now known as Jewelers of America) released a standardized list of birthstones, including turquoise for December.
Turquoise also played a significant role in the lives of royalty. The funerary mask of King Tutankhamun, an Egyptian pharaoh who ruled over 3,000 years ago, is adorned with turquoise. More modern royalty also valued the gem. Wallis Simpson, the Duchess of Windsor, wore a famous amethyst and turquoise necklace made by Cartier. In European tradition, the gift of a turquoise ring symbolized "forget me not."
Turquoise is also considered a national treasure in Tibet, where it is believed to grant health, good fortune, and protection from evil. It is associated with peace and is the gem of the 11th wedding anniversary.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise is a copper aluminum phosphate mineral that forms in arid regions. It is created when rainwater or melted snow percolates through copper ore deposits called copper porphyry. The water interacts with copper sulfides in the ore to form an acidic solution. This copper-carrying acidic water then reacts with aluminum and potassium in the rocks, precipitating turquoise into cavities.
Turquoise is found in weathered volcanic rock and sedimentary rock in arid locations. The most notable sources of turquoise include the Nishapur district of Iran, where it has been mined for over 1,000 years. Other significant sources include the American Southwest, particularly in states like Arizona, New Mexico, and Nevada. Mexico and China are also known for their turquoise deposits.
The unique coloration and matrix patterns of turquoise are influenced by the host rock and the minerals it contains. The blue color is primarily due to the presence of copper, while the green color is often the result of iron. The matrix patterns, which appear as veins or mottled patterns, are remnants of the host rock and add to the gem's character.
Gemological Properties
Turquoise is a relatively soft gemstone, with a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale. This makes it more susceptible to scratches and breaks compared to harder gemstones like diamonds or sapphires. It is also a porous and opaque stone, which can make it prone to discoloration from oils, pigments, and other substances.
The color of turquoise ranges from sky blue to greenish blue, often with veins or mottled patterns known as matrix. The blue color is primarily due to the presence of copper, while the green color is often the result of iron. The matrix patterns, which appear as veins or mottled patterns, are remnants of the host rock and add to the gem's character.
Turquoise is a semi-precious gemstone and is often treated to enhance its color and durability. Treatments can include stabilizing the stone with resins or oils to reduce porosity and improve its appearance. These treatments can affect the value and authenticity of the gem, so it is important for jewelers and collectors to be aware of them.
Turquoise is also used in a variety of jewelry and decorative arts. Its softness and porosity make it suitable for carving and inlay work, allowing for intricate designs and patterns. It is often set in silver, which complements its colors and enhances its beauty.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Turquoise has been attributed with numerous symbolic and metaphysical properties across different cultures and eras. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to bring health and good fortune. Hindu mystics maintained that seeing a turquoise after beholding the new moon ensured fantastic wealth. In Native American cultures, turquoise was thought to protect the wearer from falling, especially off horses, and would break into several pieces at the approach of disaster.
Turquoise is also believed to impart peace to those who wear it. It is associated with the throat chakra in some spiritual traditions and is thought to enhance communication and self-expression. In Tibetan culture, turquoise is considered a national treasure and is believed to grant health, good fortune, and protection from evil.
In European tradition, the gift of a turquoise ring means "forget me not." This symbolism reflects the gem's association with love, remembrance, and emotional connections. Turquoise is also the gem of the 11th wedding anniversary, symbolizing enduring love and commitment.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relatively low hardness and porosity, turquoise requires special care to maintain its beauty and longevity. It is important to avoid exposing turquoise to harsh chemicals, oils, and pigments, which can cause discoloration and damage. When cleaning turquoise jewelry, it is recommended to use a soft, damp cloth to gently wipe the surface. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as these can cause the stone to crack or become discolored.
Turquoise should also be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches and damage. It is best to store it in a soft cloth or jewelry box to protect it from dust and physical contact.
When wearing turquoise jewelry, it is advisable to remove it before engaging in activities that may expose it to impact or chemicals, such as swimming or using household cleaners. By following these care and cleaning guidelines, turquoise jewelry can be enjoyed for many years.
Conclusion
Turquoise is a remarkable gemstone with a rich history and enduring appeal. As the December birthstone, it is associated with a range of cultural traditions and symbolic meanings, from ancient Egyptian and Native American beliefs to European and Tibetan customs. Its unique geological properties, including its softness, porosity, and vibrant blue-green colors, make it a distinctive and versatile gemstone.
Whether used in jewelry, ornamental objects, or as a symbol of health, good fortune, and protection, turquoise continues to captivate and inspire. Its journey from ancient mines to modern jewelry collections is a testament to its timeless beauty and significance. For those born in December, turquoise is not just a birthstone but a meaningful and cherished gem that connects them to a rich and diverse heritage.