July is represented by two gemstones: ruby and black onyx, each with a rich history, distinct gemological properties, and deep cultural significance. These stones have long been cherished for their beauty and symbolism, making them popular choices in jewelry—especially necklaces—for women. In this article, we explore the properties, historical use, symbolism, and modern applications of ruby and black onyx, particularly in the context of July birthstone necklaces.
Ruby and black onyx are not only celebrated for their aesthetic appeal but also for their symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. While ruby is known for its fiery red hue and association with passion and vitality, black onyx is revered for its grounding and protective qualities. The combination of these two stones in July birthstone jewelry reflects both the strength and warmth that July symbolizes.
The gemstones' roles in jewelry are supported by their physical and chemical properties, which determine how they are cut, set, and cared for. The ruby, a variety of corundum, ranks high on the Mohs scale of hardness, making it durable and suitable for everyday wear. Black onyx, a form of chalcedony, is also durable and can be found in a range of jewelry styles, from minimalist designs to elaborate pendants.
In this article, we will delve into the geological formation and sources of ruby and black onyx, their historical and cultural significance, and the symbolism associated with them. We will also provide practical advice on how to care for these gemstones and maintain the beauty of ruby and black onyx necklaces over time.
History and Lore
The ruby has been revered for centuries across various cultures. In ancient times, ruby was considered the "king of gemstones" and was often used in royal regalia and sacred artifacts. The deep red color of ruby was associated with the life force and was believed to bring vitality, strength, and good fortune. In India, ruby was considered a powerful talisman for warriors and rulers, while in medieval Europe, it was thought to symbolize the blood of Christ and was used in religious ceremonies.
Black onyx, on the other hand, has a more protective and grounding symbolism. In ancient Egypt, black onyx was used in amulets to ward off evil and protect the wearer from harm. The Greeks and Romans believed that onyx could help in divination and was a stone of strength and courage. During the Victorian era, black onyx became a popular gemstone in mourning jewelry due to its somber appearance and association with endurance.
In the context of birthstone traditions, ruby and black onyx have both been associated with July for centuries. The tradition of assigning gemstones to months of the year dates back to ancient times, with the earliest known reference found in the biblical Book of Exodus, which describes the breastplate of Aaron, a high priest of the Israelites, adorned with twelve gemstones representing the twelve tribes of Israel. While the exact identification of the stones in the breastplate is debated, the practice of associating stones with months and zodiac signs became more widespread in medieval and Renaissance Europe.
Ruby and black onyx are believed to bring positive energy and protection to those born in July. The ruby is associated with the zodiac signs of Cancer, Leo, and Scorpio, and is said to enhance the wearer's passion, confidence, and vitality. Black onyx is linked to the zodiac sign of Leo and is believed to ground the wearer and provide emotional stability.
These historical and cultural associations continue to influence the use of ruby and black onyx in modern jewelry. Today, July birthstone necklaces are popular choices for women seeking to celebrate their birthdays or to give meaningful gifts to loved ones.
Geological Formation and Sources
Ruby and black onyx are both naturally occurring gemstones with distinct geological formations and sources.
Ruby
Ruby is a variety of the mineral corundum, which is composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). The red color of ruby is due to trace amounts of chromium, which replace some of the aluminum in the crystal lattice. The presence of other trace elements can cause variations in the hue of ruby, from deep red to pinkish or purplish tones.
Ruby forms in metamorphic rocks, particularly in areas where marble is subjected to high temperatures and pressure. This process, known as metamorphism, occurs when limestone is transformed by heat and pressure, allowing corundum to crystallize. Ruby can also form in igneous rocks, particularly in pegmatites, which are coarse-grained rocks formed from the slow cooling of magma.
The most famous sources of ruby are in Southeast Asia, particularly in Myanmar (Burma), which is known for producing high-quality rubies with a deep red color known as "pigeon blood." Other notable sources of ruby include Thailand, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, and parts of Africa such as Mozambique and Madagascar. In recent years, new ruby deposits have been discovered in countries like Cambodia and Vietnam.
Rubies are typically found in alluvial deposits, where they have been eroded from their original rock and transported by water to new locations. These deposits are often mined through alluvial or placer mining techniques, which involve sifting through sediment to recover gemstones.
Black Onyx
Black onyx is a form of chalcedony, which is a microcrystalline variety of quartz. Chalcedony is composed of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) and forms in the cavities of volcanic rocks, where it precipitates from water that is rich in silica. The formation of black onyx is influenced by the presence of impurities, such as iron and carbon, which give the stone its dark color.
Black onyx is typically found in sedimentary and volcanic rocks, and it forms through the slow deposition of silica-rich water in rock cavities. The stone is often mined in Brazil, India, Uruguay, and the United States, with Brazil being one of the largest producers of onyx in the world.
Black onyx is typically found in large veins and can be cut into various shapes and sizes. It is often dyed or treated to enhance its color and pattern, although natural black onyx can have a deep, uniform black color. The stone's smooth surface and durability make it ideal for carving and polishing, and it is commonly used in jewelry, including necklaces, rings, and bracelets.
Both ruby and black onyx are durable gemstones that are well-suited for jewelry. Ruby has a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale, making it highly resistant to scratches and suitable for everyday wear. Black onyx has a hardness of 6.5–7, which means it can withstand normal wear but should be handled with care to avoid damage.
The availability of these gemstones in various parts of the world has made them accessible for jewelry production. Ruby is often cut into round, oval, or pear shapes, while black onyx is commonly cut into cabochons, beads, or smooth, polished stones. These cuts allow the gemstones to be set into a variety of jewelry designs, from simple pendants to intricate pieces with multiple stones.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of ruby and black onyx is essential for appreciating their beauty and durability in jewelry. These properties include hardness, luster, refractive index, color, and clarity, all of which influence how the gemstones are cut, set, and worn.
Ruby
Hardness: Ruby ranks 9 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, which measures a mineral's resistance to scratching. This high hardness makes ruby one of the hardest gemstones, second only to diamond. As a result, ruby is highly durable and suitable for use in everyday jewelry, including necklaces and rings.
Luster: Ruby has a vitreous (glass-like) luster, which gives it a bright, sparkling appearance. This luster is enhanced by the way the gemstone is cut and polished, allowing it to reflect light effectively.
Refractive Index: Ruby has a refractive index of approximately 1.76–1.78, which means it bends light to a moderate degree. This property contributes to the gemstone's brilliance and sparkle.
Color: The color of ruby is primarily red, due to the presence of chromium in its crystal structure. The most valuable and desirable rubies have a deep, rich red color, often described as "pigeon blood" red. Variations in color can occur due to the presence of other trace elements, such as iron, which may give the ruby a purplish or pinkish hue.
Clarity: Ruby can occur in a range of clarity, from transparent to opaque. The most valuable rubies are transparent and free of inclusions, although some inclusions are natural and can add character to the gemstone. Inclusions in ruby can include other minerals, fractures, or growth patterns, which are often visible under magnification.
Chemical Composition: Ruby is a variety of corundum, with the chemical formula Al₂O₃. The red color of ruby is due to the presence of chromium (Cr³⁺) ions, which replace some of the aluminum in the crystal lattice. The presence of other trace elements can affect the color and appearance of ruby.
Origin and Treatments: Ruby is typically found in metamorphic rocks, particularly in areas where marble is subjected to high temperatures and pressure. Ruby can also form in igneous rocks, such as pegmatites. In the jewelry industry, ruby is sometimes heat-treated to enhance its color and clarity. This treatment is widely accepted and does not diminish the value of the gemstone.
Black Onyx
Hardness: Black onyx has a hardness of 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale, which makes it relatively durable but not as hard as ruby. While it can withstand normal wear, it should be handled with care to avoid scratches or chips.
Luster: Black onyx has a waxy to dull luster, which gives it a smooth, even appearance. It is often polished to a high sheen, which enhances its black color and makes it more attractive in jewelry.
Refractive Index: Black onyx has a refractive index of approximately 1.53–1.54, which means it bends light to a moderate degree. This property contributes to the stone's subtle brilliance and depth.
Color: Black onyx is characterized by its deep, uniform black color, which is due to the presence of impurities such as iron and carbon. The stone can also have banding or patterns, which are formed during its formation process. These patterns can vary in intensity and are often used to create unique jewelry designs.
Clarity: Black onyx is typically opaque, meaning it does not allow light to pass through. This opacity is a defining feature of onyx and contributes to its grounding and protective symbolism.
Chemical Composition: Black onyx is a form of chalcedony, which is a microcrystalline variety of quartz. The chemical formula of chalcedony is SiO₂, and the black color is due to the presence of impurities such as iron and carbon. Onyx is often dyed or treated to enhance its color and pattern, although natural black onyx can have a deep, uniform black color.
Origin and Treatments: Black onyx is typically found in sedimentary and volcanic rocks, and it forms through the slow deposition of silica-rich water in rock cavities. The stone is often mined in Brazil, India, Uruguay, and the United States. Black onyx is commonly cut into cabochons, beads, or smooth, polished stones, which are then set into jewelry. The stone is often dyed to enhance its color or to create specific patterns, such as the popular banded onyx.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Ruby and black onyx have long been associated with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. These beliefs have influenced the use of these gemstones in jewelry and have contributed to their enduring popularity.
Ruby
Ruby is often associated with passion, love, and vitality. In many cultures, ruby has been seen as a symbol of the heart and the life force. The deep red color of ruby is believed to represent the blood of life and the energy of the sun. In ancient times, ruby was thought to bring good fortune, protection, and strength to the wearer. It was also believed to enhance the wearer's confidence, courage, and vitality.
In metaphysical practices, ruby is associated with the heart chakra, which is the center of love, compassion, and emotional balance. It is believed to help open the heart chakra and promote feelings of love and connection. Ruby is also associated with the solar plexus chakra, which is the center of personal power and willpower. It is believed to help the wearer tap into their inner strength and confidence.
Ruby is also believed to have a warming and energizing effect on the body. It is said to help stimulate the circulatory system and improve physical vitality. In some traditions, ruby is used to treat ailments related to the heart and blood vessels.
Black Onyx
Black onyx is often associated with strength, protection, and grounding. In many cultures, black onyx has been seen as a protective stone that helps ward off negative energy and evil. It is believed to absorb negative emotions and provide emotional stability. In ancient Egypt, black onyx was used in amulets to protect the wearer from harm and to bring good luck.
In metaphysical practices, black onyx is associated with the base chakra, which is the center of grounding and stability. It is believed to help the wearer stay grounded and connected to the earth. Black onyx is also associated with the solar plexus chakra, which is the center of personal power and willpower. It is believed to help the wearer gain confidence and assertiveness.
Black onyx is also believed to have a calming and soothing effect on the mind and body. It is said to help reduce stress and anxiety and promote a sense of inner peace. In some traditions, black onyx is used to treat ailments related to the digestive system and to improve overall health and well-being.
The symbolism and metaphysical properties of ruby and black onyx make them powerful stones for personal growth and protection. In the context of July birthstone jewelry, these stones are believed to bring positive energy and protection to the wearer. Ruby is associated with the zodiac signs of Cancer, Leo, and Scorpio, and is said to enhance the wearer's passion, confidence, and vitality. Black onyx is linked to the zodiac sign of Leo and is believed to ground the wearer and provide emotional stability.
These symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties continue to influence the use of ruby and black onyx in modern jewelry. Today, July birthstone necklaces are popular choices for women seeking to celebrate their birthdays or to give meaningful gifts to loved ones.
Care and Cleaning
To maintain the beauty and durability of ruby and black onyx necklaces, it is important to follow proper care and cleaning practices. These gemstones are durable but require specific handling to prevent damage and maintain their luster.
Ruby
Cleaning: Ruby can be cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It is important to avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, which can scratch the surface of the gemstone. A soft brush, such as a toothbrush, can be used to gently clean the crevices of the stone. After cleaning, the necklace should be rinsed with clean water and dried with a soft cloth.
Storage: Ruby should be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures. It is best to store ruby jewelry in a soft cloth or a jewelry box to prevent scratches. If storing multiple pieces of jewelry, it is advisable to separate them to avoid contact with other gemstones or metals that could cause damage.
Wearing: Ruby is a durable gemstone, but it should be handled with care to avoid damage. It is advisable to remove ruby jewelry before engaging in activities that could cause impact or abrasion, such as sports or heavy lifting. It is also recommended to avoid wearing ruby jewelry while swimming or using harsh chemicals, such as chlorine or bleach, which can damage the setting or the gemstone.
Professional Cleaning: For more thorough cleaning, ruby jewelry can be professionally cleaned by a jeweler. Professional cleaning methods may include ultrasonic cleaning or steam cleaning, which can effectively remove dirt and grime without damaging the gemstone.
Black Onyx
Cleaning: Black onyx can be cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It is important to avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, which can scratch the surface of the stone. A soft brush can be used to gently clean the crevices of the stone. After cleaning, the necklace should be rinsed with clean water and dried with a soft cloth.
Storage: Black onyx should be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures. It is best to store black onyx jewelry in a soft cloth or a jewelry box to prevent scratches. If storing multiple pieces of jewelry, it is advisable to separate them to avoid contact with other gemstones or metals that could cause damage.
Wearing: Black onyx is a durable gemstone, but it should be handled with care to avoid damage. It is advisable to remove black onyx jewelry before engaging in activities that could cause impact or abrasion, such as sports or heavy lifting. It is also recommended to avoid wearing black onyx jewelry while swimming or using harsh chemicals, such as chlorine or bleach, which can damage the setting or the gemstone.
Professional Cleaning: For more thorough cleaning, black onyx jewelry can be professionally cleaned by a jeweler. Professional cleaning methods may include ultrasonic cleaning or steam cleaning, which can effectively remove dirt and grime without damaging the gemstone.
Proper care and cleaning of ruby and black onyx necklaces will help preserve their beauty and durability. By following these guidelines, you can ensure that your July birthstone jewelry remains a cherished and lasting piece.
Conclusion
July birthstone jewelry, featuring ruby and black onyx, combines beauty, symbolism, and durability. Ruby, with its deep red hue, is associated with passion, love, and vitality, while black onyx is revered for its grounding and protective qualities. Both gemstones have a rich history and cultural significance that continues to influence their use in modern jewelry.
The geological formation and sources of ruby and black onyx contribute to their availability and accessibility in the jewelry market. Ruby is found in metamorphic and igneous rocks, with notable sources in Southeast Asia and Africa. Black onyx is found in sedimentary and volcanic rocks, with major sources in Brazil, India, and the United States.
The gemological properties of ruby and black onyx, including hardness, luster, refractive index, color, and clarity, determine how these gemstones are cut, set, and worn. Ruby's high hardness and brilliant luster make it ideal for everyday wear, while black onyx's durability and smooth surface make it suitable for a variety of jewelry designs.
The symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties of ruby and black onyx add to their appeal as birthstone jewelry. Ruby is associated with the heart and solar plexus chakras and is believed to enhance passion, confidence, and vitality. Black onyx is associated with the base and solar plexus chakras and is believed to provide grounding, strength, and emotional stability.
Proper care and cleaning of ruby and black onyx necklaces are essential to maintaining their beauty and durability. By following simple care guidelines, you can ensure that your July birthstone jewelry remains a cherished and lasting piece.
Whether you are celebrating your birthday, giving a meaningful gift, or simply appreciating the beauty of these gemstones, July birthstone jewelry offers a timeless and elegant way to honor the month of July.